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OMNI ROBO 00 Omni Wheel Intro to omni wheel Read More 01 Omni Robo Base Intro to Omni Robo - BASE Read More 02 Omni Robo Joystick Intro to joystick and control Read More

Fundamentals Fundamentals of Electricity About AC power supply About DC power Supply

Slim Bot 1 Base & IR follower How to DIY . . . . . A slim and compact robot working WITHOUT any MICRO-CONTROLLER and NO programming . . . 2 IR based Line Follower How to DIY . . . . . A slim and compact IR line follower working WITHOUT any MICRO-CONTROLLER. NO programming . . . 3 LDR based Line Follower How to DIY . . . . . A slim and compact LDR based line follower working WITHOUT any MICRO-CONTROLLER. NO programming . . . 4 Wireless Keypad Control How to DIY . . . . . A slim and compact BOT controlled using wireless Keypad, WITHOUT any MICRO-CONTROLLER. NO programming . . . 5 Wireless Joystick Control How to DIY . . . . . A slim and compact BOT controlled using wireless Analog Joystick, WITHOUT any MICRO-CONTROLLER. NO programming . . . 6 Wireless 5D Rocker Control How to DIY . . . . . A slim and compact BOT controlled using wireless Digital 5D Rocker Joystick, WITHOUT any MICRO-CONTROLLER. NO programming . . . 7 Wireless Hand Gesture Control How to DIY . . . . . A slim and compact BOT controlled using wireless Hand Gestures, WITHOUT any MICRO-CONTROLLER. NO programming . . .

Item List

Small Robot 1 Base Frame # The Base frame consists of chassis + Power supply + Motors + Wheels + Motor Control board . . . Read More . . . 3 Joystick Control # A simple Joystick module can control the Small Robot in all the directions. RF transmitter and receiver makes the control wireless . . . . . Read More . . . 6 Line Follower # The Line Follower moves on a black or white line automatically adjusts . . . . . . . Read More . . . 8 Edge Detector # The Edge Detector detects the edge of a flat sufaces takes turn automati.... Read More . . . 2 Keypad Control # A four keyed Keypad can control the Small Robot in all 4 directions. RF transmitter and receiver makes the control wireless . . . . . Read More . . . 4 IR Remote Control # An Infra-Red remote used to control Panasonic Audio (clone) is used to control movement of Small Robot in all directions, wireless . . . . . Read More . . . 7 Path Follower # The Path Follower moves within a path or two lines and automatically adjusts . . . . . . . Read More . . . 9 Obstacle Avoider # The Obstacle Avoider detects obstacle in front of it, and automatically . . Read More . . .

Home: Welcome Make @ Home Projects ELECTRONICS ARDUINO AVR To play, press and hold the enter key. To stop, release the enter key. Various control sytems of SLIM-BOT without any Micro-controller To play, press and hold the enter key. To stop, release the enter key. AVR/ATTINY based various controls of SMALL ROBOT Learn @ Home Topics RESISTORs :: eBASICS :: To play, press and hold the enter key. To stop, release the enter key. Step-by-Step Learning ARDUINO Wishing Today is a Great Day to you by learning a new thing. This blog is developed for the students, hobbyists and enthusiasts . The main aim is self-learning of electronics, mechatronics step-by-step from basics to practical knowledge and Make-at-Home Projects. Hope this is the easiest way to learn and practice about electronics and mechatronics. Explained through CONCEPTS and PRACTICALS. i.e., a self learning School for Students and Enthusiasts, who wants to know and practice their own. ​ Click on the left-top for HOME PAGE , which is always available for easy navigation to the list of contents and also available through the menu. SEARCH by a keyword or phrase is also always available at the top of all the pages for convenience . ​ This website is BEST VIEWED in Desktop / Laptop / Tab, when comapared to mobile. ​ -: ALL THE BEST :- DREAM is not what you see in sleep, DREAM is something which doesn't let you sleep. – Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Home: Works

MICRO-CONTROLLER INTRODUCTION MEMORY INPUT-OUTPUT PROGRAM FLOW INTERRUPTS COMMUNICATION ADC / DAC COUNTERS & TIMERS All POWER is within you; YOU can do anything and everything. – Swamy Vivekananda

Fundamentals Fundamentals of Electricity About AC power supply About DC power Supply

Resistors: As the name indicates, Resistor reduces flow of current in a circuit. Resistor is highly used element in electronic circuit. The value of a resistor is called Resistance and its units are (i.e. measured in) Ohms. The symbol for Ohms is omega ( Ω ). The property of the material which exerts resistance is called resistivity and its units are rho ( ρ ). Fixed Value Resistors: The value of resistance cannot be modified in a circuit is Fixed Resistor. These resistors are made of mixture of mainly carbon and part of ceramics to attain the required resistance value. The surface is coated with resin and colour bands are marked on its surface to indicate its resistance value in case of small size resistors. For big size resistors, the resistance value , tolerance and power is printed on the surface of the resistor. For higher power and lower resistance requirements wire wound (a wire is wound on a hollow insulating shell and coated with resin) resistors are used. ​ Standard Resistance values available in multiples of 1.0 / 1.2 / 1.5 / 2.2 / 3.3 / 4.7 / 5.6 / 6.8 / 8.1 ohms. ​ Normally Resistor are available in following Wattages 0.25W / 0.5W / 1W / 2W / 5W / 10W and so…on. The value of resistance on fixed resistor is marked using colour bands on its surface in a coded form. The first and second colour bands indicates two digits sequentially with respective colour code, the third colour band is the number power to 10 for that colour and the forth colour band indicates tolerance value, i.e., maximum + / – deviation of resistance value. Variable Resistors: As the fixed resistors have tolerances, which makes the user cannot totally depend on the exact resistance value of the fixed resistor. Variable resistor is useful when the resistance is to be adjusted to suit the circuit requirement. ​ Variable resistor generally have 3 connections, two connections for extremes of carbon resistance and one connection is connected to moving arm, which moves on the carbon resistance for adjustment. ​ Small size variable resistors which are used to be fixed on the PCB and adjusted rarely are called Trimpot. The bigger size variable resistor, which is frequently used to vary the resistance and have knob fit on to it is called Potentiometer . OHM's Law -vs- Resistors: In simple terms, Ohm's law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistance. So, as per Ohm’s law, V or I or R are inter-connected and each value can be calculated, if other values are known. Assuming the Voltage is fixed for a circuit, in general, by increasing resistance, the current flowing through the resistacne will decrease and vice-versa. ​ Once the V, I and R are calculated, then the power (W) requirement of Resistor is to be calculated. If the resistor wattage is less than the calculated value, then either resistor will get over-heated or damaged. Resistors in SERIES Connection: If multiple resistors are used in series in electronic circuits, the resultant resistance is equal to sum of each resistance in the circuit. So, the Resultant Resistance is always more than any resistance in series connection in the circuit. Resistors in PARALLEL Connection: If multiple resistors are connected in parallel in a circuit, the inverse resultant resistance is equal to sum of inverse resistance of each resistor in parallel. The Resultant Resistance is always less than any resistance value of any resistor in the parallel connection in the circuit. Adding resistor parallel to existing resistor reduces overall resistance and increases total current flowing through both the resistors MORE RESISTANCE CONNECTIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN RLC CIRCUITS (FUTURE USE)

op-amp: OP-AMP (Operational Amplifier) is basically a differentiator, which reads two electrical signals as inputs and sends the output signal accordingly with amplification. OP-AMP should have at least 5 pins. i.e., ​ Non-Inverting input pin Inverting Input pin Output pin Positive power supply pin Negative (or sometimes ground ) pin The two inputs are marked as NON-INVERTING INPUT or PLUS (+) and INVERTING INPUT or MINUS (-) . The output swings towards Positive, if the signal voltage at NON-INVERTING INPUT is higher than at INVERTING INPUT and vice-versa. GAIN: Some part of output signal called as feedback is used as input signal to INVERTING or NON-INVERTING inputs to adjust the amplification factor, which is also called as gain. The range of gain varies from 1 (also called as unity gain) to infinity depending on the feedback set to the input pins. So, the value of the output will be depending on the difference in voltage at INVERTING and NON-INVERTING inputs and amplification factor (gain) set by the RLC (resistor, inductor, capacitor) circuit used between output pin to INVERTING or NON-INVERTING input pin(s) as feedback. OPEN LOOP GAIN AMPLIFIER: If the output pin does not send any feedback to any input pin, then the amplification is infinity . It is also known as saturation stage. ​ Means, a small difference in signal at INVERTING and NON-INVERTING inputs, swings the output to either Positive or Negative (ground). In this condition OP-AMP works as BISTABLE (either ON or OFF) amplifier, which may be considered as digital switch. ​ The four conditions of open loop amplifier is presented here. UNITY GAIN AMPLIFIER: Similarly, if the output signal is directly connected to NON-INVERTING input of the OP-AMP, the exact difference in the input voltage is available at output. This is called UNITY GAIN amplifier. ​ This is also called Unity Gain BUFFER, since, the output voltage matches the input voltage and the output current is amplified to drive relays and other electronic equipment with (small current) input signal. So, the main advantage and usage of Unity Gain Amplifier is, high input impedance and least output impedance. Which means, a very weak signal (with low current) will be amplified to high current output to drive other devices, where output voltage being the difference of the voltages at both the input pins. NEGATIVE FEED-BACK GAIN AMPLIFIER: A part of output signal is sent to one of the inputs, which is called as feedback. Most of the times the feedback is sent to INVERTING input, which is called as NEGATIVE FEED-BACK AMPLIFIER. There are two cases of Negative Feed-back amplifiers. In case, the input signal is connected to NON-INVERTING input, the output signal will be amplified (gain) and always more than one with maximum input impedance. ​ The Negative feed-back amplifier configuration is highly used in electronics circuits to control machinery and read & amplify weak signals. POSITIVE FEED-BACK GAIN AMPLIFIER: In case, the input signal is connected to INVERTING input through the resistance, the output signal will be inverted and amplification factor (gain) depends on the resistance network (R1 and R2). ​ Similarly, the feedback may be connected to NON-INVERTING input. The output signal is inverted and swings to extremes with small delay, which is called HYSTERESIS. This is called as POSITIVE FEED-BACK AMPLIFIER. ​ The Positive Feed-back Amplifiers are used as Latches, Oscillating circuits, Filters etc.

AVR - SPI: Read Before: Micro-controller Communications >> TWI / IIC / I2C: TWI (Two Wire Interface) is also called IIC or I2C or IsquaredC (Inter Integrated Circuit) Protocol, which is frequently used for communication in AVR micro-controllers. ​

POWER TOOLS The Power Tools necessary for Make-at-Home projects are listed below with comment as Basic or Important or Optional keyword, which means that, BASIC : very much required and affordable IMPORTANT : having this tool is advantageous OPTIONAL : may be purchased later COMPUTER : For programming of micro-controllers (like AVR, Arduino, PIC etc.), Make-at_home projects of Simple Mechatronics and some data analysis, a computer is required. A laptop or desktop with a minimum configuration, which works on windows 7 OS (or equivalent) is minimum required. Also, having internet access is advantageous to get useful data about any component or details or circuits quickly. For most of the gadgets and programmers, USB is essential. (IMPORTANT) ​ SOLDERING IRON : A soldering iron is very important tool used in electronics. You should have about 25W (or more) capacity soldering iron for the Make-at-Home projects available at Simple Mechatronics. A littile practice is required for making good soldering joint. An automatic temperature controlled soldering iron is better option, once you become expert. (BASIC) ​ ​ SOLDERING ACCESSORIES : One of the important accessory for soldering is stand for the soldering iron, which holds the hot soldering iron. The soldering stand makes convenience while soldering, due to its angle and improves safety by avoiding accidental placing of hot soldering iron. (BASIC) ​ Soldering lead , which is used to join the leads of electronic components with or without PCB, is available in wire form. Now-a-days, the soldering flux is included with soldering lead wire, which makes convenience, while soldering. (BASIC) ​ Soldering flux (also called soldering paste) is also important, which is applied to the soldering surfaces, before soldering, to remove impurities (as slag) while soldering and makes it sound soldering joint. (BASIC) ​ Wet Sponge is required to clean the tip of the soldering iron, which is normally get oxidized in hot condition and acts as resistance for heat transfer. So, the soldering tip has to be cleaned with wet sponge before starting a soldering work. (BASIC) ​ Focus Light is advantageous, while soldering, to have good soldering joint. The errors while soldering connections are easily identified, using a focus light. (IMPORTANT) ​ Since, fumes generated, while soldering, is not good for health, a small Fumes removing fan is suggested to use. (IMPORTANT) (VIDEO : How to make a small fumes removing fan with Focus Light : Simple and economical Make-at-Home project ) DESOLDERING ACCESSORIES : Some times de-soldering is required to remove damaged or wrongly soldered electronic component. To de-solder the component, the following de-soldering accessories may be required. ​ A de-soldering pump , which is manually operated, sucks the molten soldering lead by vaccum, when the soldering lead is heated by the soldering iron. The de-soldering pump is convenient for removing each lead of electronic component one-by-one. (IMPORTANT) ​ A de-soldering wick , is a copper wire mesh, available in a roll. The molten soldering lead sticks to the wick, when the soldering lead is heated by the soldering iron. The de-soldering wick is convenient for removing one or more leads of electronic component at a time. (IMPORTANT) POWER PCB DRILL : A PCB power drill works on a DC motor, with a small chuck attachment to hole small size drill bits. With this drilling machine, small holes may be made in PCBs for electonic component leads. It is also useful to increase the size of a hole, if required. (IMPORTANT) HOT GLUE GUN : The Hot glue guns are useful to quick setting of circuit boards, for making small cabinets etc., by heating and melting plastic adhesive. Due to insulation property of the melting glue stick, which melts at easily using the hot glue gun, it is widely used in electronics projects. The glue is sufficiently strong and fix the boards quickly. ​ The melting glue stick (consumable) is easily available and affordable. (IMPORTANT) DRILLING MACHINE : An electrical power operated hand drilling is very much useful to make holes on sheet metals, wood, hi-lam sheets etc. ​ About 500W hand drilling machine with (upto) 13mm drill bit holding capacity (chuck size) is preferred. ​ Drill bits (HSS) ranging from 2.7mm to 6mm are highly used, where as above 6mm to 13 mm are rarely used. (IMPORTANT) ​ DRILLING MACHINE ATTACHMENTS: Now-a-days various attachments are available for drilling machine. Some of the attachments are very useful. Some attachment sets are show below, for making bigger holes and cutting small rectangular slots in wood or plastic or hi-lam sheets etc. (OPTIONAL) ANGLE GRINDER : The Angle grinders are useful to cut sheet metal, hi-lam, plywood, wood etc., comfortably. With various attachments to Angle grinder, you may cut, grind, remove rust, smoothen a surface, sharpen blades or screw driver tips or scissors etc. To use Angle grinder, a little expertise is required and should be used with all safety precautions. (OPTIONAL) POWER SAW : To cut wood, plywood, hi-lam sheets etc., accurately and to exact size, a wood power saw is useful. The wood power saw makes the wood joints also easy. A wood cutting power saw is required only if, the projects are more dependent on wood working. (OPTIONAL) Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn. – Benjamin Franklin